刺梨果实发育过程中糖和黄酮的积累及其与光照强度变化的相关性

【目的】研究不同光照强度对刺梨（Rosa roxburghii Tratt.）果实发育过程中糖和总黄酮的积累规律及其对光照强度变化的生理关联性,为刺梨果实的品质调控提供科学依据。【方法】以4年生的‘贵农5号’刺梨结果树为材料,以自然光照强度为对照,设置光照强度减弱20%、40%、60%的3个处理（分别用R0（CK）、R20、R40、R60表示）,分析测定不同发育时期刺梨果实中可溶性糖和总黄酮的积累量、相关合成代谢酶活性及其与光照强度变化的相互关系。【结果】在刺梨果实生长发育过程中,糖和总黄酮类物质不断积累,但不同发育时期的积累量有明显差异。在果实缓慢生长期之后,果实中的糖分开始快速积累,到成熟期可溶性总糖和蔗糖的积累量达到最高,其中蔗糖的积累量占可溶性总糖的36.97%。刺梨果实中葡萄糖和果糖的积累量至快速膨大期达到最大,但仅占果实成熟期可溶性总糖最大积累量的10.50%和18.18%。刺梨果实属于蔗糖积累型。刺梨果实中的总黄酮从幼果期开始就快速积累,一直持续到果实快速膨大期,之后总黄酮的积累量增加不明显。刺梨果实发育过程中,不同光照强度下的果实中糖和总黄酮的积累量差异显著,光照强度减弱不利于果实中糖和总黄酮的积累。蔗糖合成酶（SS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、转化酶（IVR）和丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、肉桂酸-4-羟基化酶（C4H）、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4CL）、查尔酮合成酶（CHS）分别是影响果实中糖和黄酮类物质合成代谢的关键酶,光照强度变化与刺梨果实中糖、总黄酮的积累量以及相关合成代谢酶的活性变化密切关联。光照强度减弱会明显抑制SS、SPS、IVR、PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS的活性。在刺梨果实整个发育过程中,SS和SPS对光照强度减弱的反应敏感。刺梨果实中糖与总黄酮的积累量呈极显著正相关,果实中糖和总黄酮的积累量以及SS、SPS、IVR、PAL、C4H、4CL、CHS的活性均与光照强度变化呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】刺梨果实为蔗糖积累型,果实缓慢生长期之后,果实中的糖分开始快速积累,果实中总黄酮的积累量从幼果期开始迅速增长,一直持续到快速膨大期。光照强度减弱不利于刺梨果实中糖和黄酮类物质的积累。生产中可以通过改善光照条件,增加刺梨果实中糖和黄酮类物质的含量,提高刺梨果实的品质。     

基于北斗VMS数据和DBSCAN算法的夏季海州湾中国毛虾资源分布

2020年我国伏季休渔期间中国毛虾（Acetes chinensis）限额捕捞试点在黄海海州湾实施,2021年该限额捕捞项目继续实施,在此背景下探究夏季海州湾中国毛虾资源分布对其限额捕捞精细化管理至关重要。本文首先基于2021年海州湾中国毛虾限额捕捞期间北斗渔船监控系统（Vessel monitoring system,VMS） 数据提取得到各毛虾张网渔船所有捕捞网位点及其捕捞努力量,然后运用具有噪声的密度聚类（Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise,DBSCAN）算法进一步识别含有捕捞产量的网位点,从而探究夏季海州湾中国毛虾资源分布格局。结果显示,含有产量的网位点识别率为97.18％,表明DBSCAN算法能精准识别含有产量的捕捞网位点。含有产量的网位点共有898个,空间上呈聚集性分布。依据捕捞努力量情况探究得到中国毛虾资源主要分布在120°00′E~120°15′E,34°43′N~34°48′N 和119°47′E~119°53′E,34°36′N~34°43′N。本研究思路可作为其它渔业捕捞活动中运用VMS数据提取含产量捕捞网位点的科学参考。     

Antioxidant,anti-amylase and anti-glycation potential of brans of some Sri Lankan traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

Brans of 23 traditional and 12 improved (both red and white) rice varieties in Sri Lanka were screened for anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities in vitro. Varieties which showed the highest inhibitory activities at screening were further investigated for anti-glucosidase and glycation reversing as anti-diabetic properties. The same varieties were studied for selected antioxidant properties. Significantly high anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities were observed for bran extracts of red varieties compared to white varieties at screening. Traditional red rice varieties, Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti, exhibited significant and dose dependent anti-amylase, anti-glycation and glycation reversing activities. These varieties also showed marked antioxidant properties. It is concluded that brans of Sri Lankan traditional red rice varieties Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti may be potential food supplements for diabetes.     

Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake,digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.     

Intravenous sufentanil‐midazolam versus sevoflurane anaesthesia in medetomidine pre‐medicated Himalayan rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy

ObjectiveTo compare physiological effects of sufentanil-midazolam with sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in medetomidine premedicated rabbits.Study designProspective, randomized controlled experimental study.AnimalsEighteen female Himalayan rabbits, weight 2.1 ± 0.1 kg.MethodsPremedication with 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ medetomidine and 5 mg kg⁻¹ carprofen subcutaneously, was followed by intravenous anaesthetic induction with sufentanil (2.3 μg mL⁻¹) and midazolam (0.45 mg mL⁻¹). After endotracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with sufentanil-midazolam (n = 9) or sevoflurane (n = 9). Ovariohysterectomy was performed. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation was performed as required. Physiological variables were studied perioperatively. Group means of physiologic data were generated for different anaesthetic periods. Data were compared for changes from sedation, and between groups by anova. Post-operatively, 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ buprenorphine was administered once and 5 mg kg⁻¹ carprofen once daily for 2–3 days. Rabbits were examined and weighed daily until one week after surgery.ResultsSmooth induction of anaesthesia was achieved within 5 minutes. Sufentanil and midazolam doses were 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.1 mg kg⁻¹, during induction and 3.9 μg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ and 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ during surgery, respectively. End-tidal sevoflurane concentration was 2.1% during surgery. Assisted ventilation was required in nine rabbits receiving sufentanil-midazolam and four receiving sevoflurane. There were no differences between groups in physiologic data other than arterial carbon dioxide. In rabbits receiving sevoflurane, mean arterial pressure decreased pre-surgical intervention, heart rate increased 25% during and after surgery and body weight decreased 4% post-operatively. Post-operative problems sometimes resulted from catheterization of the ear artery.ConclusionSevoflurane and sufentanil-midazolam provided surgical anaesthesia of similar quality. Arterial blood pressure was sustained during sufentanil-midazolam anaesthesia and rabbits receiving sevoflurane lost body weight following ovariohysterectomy. Mechanical ventilation was required with both anaesthetic regimens.Clinical relevanceAnaesthesia with sufentanil-midazolam in medetomidine premedicated healthy rabbits is useful in the clinical and the research setting, as an alternative to sevoflurane.     

Comparison of the effects of propofol or alfaxalone for anaesthesia induction and maintenance on respiration in cats

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of propofol and alfaxalone on respiration in cats.Study designRandomized, ‘blinded’, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsAfter premedication with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ intramuscularly and meloxicam 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ subcutaneously, the cats were assigned randomly into two groups: group A (n = 10) were administered alfaxalone 5 mg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹ followed by 10 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ intravenously (IV) and group P (n = 10) were administered propofol 6 mg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹ followed by 12 mg kg⁻¹hour⁻¹ IV for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, respectively. After endotracheal intubation, the tube was connected to a non-rebreathing system delivering 100% oxygen. The anaesthetic maintenance drug rate was adjusted (± 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹) every 5 minutes according to a scoring sheet based on physiologic variables and clinical signs. If apnoea > 30 seconds, end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂) > 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) < 90% occurred, manual ventilation was provided. Methadone was administered postoperatively. Data were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests, Fisher's exact test, linear mixed-effects models and binomial test.ResultsManual ventilation was required in two and eight of the cats in group A and P, respectively (p = 0.02). Two cats in both groups showed apnoea. Pe′CO₂ > 7.3 kPa was recorded in zero versus four and SpO₂ < 90% in zero versus six cats in groups A and P respectively. Induction and maintenance dose rates (mean ± SD) were 11.6 ± 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ and 10.7 ± 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ for alfaxalone and 11.7 ± 2.7 mg kg⁻¹ and 12.4 ± 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ for propofol.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone had less adverse influence on respiration than propofol in cats premedicated with medetomidine. Alfaxalone might be better than propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia when artificial ventilation cannot be provided.     

黑龙江几种桑果品质的测定分析

不同品种的桑果其可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比、氨基态氮含量存在差异 ,可作为评价桑果品质的重要参考指标.经测试 :龙椹2号和龙椹3号可溶性固形物的百分含量高出对照品种4个百分点 ;总酸的百分含量远低于对照品种 ;固酸比远大于对照品种 ;氨基态氮的含量小于对照品种.初步认为龙椹2号和龙椹3号桑果品质优于野生对照品种.     

贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤磷特征及其影响因素

对贺兰山西坡不同海拔的不同类型草地土壤磷素的空间分布特征以及环境及植被因素对土壤磷素的影响进行了研究。结果表明,0-10和10-20cm土层土壤全磷(TP)含量随着海拔由高到低而显著降低;两土层中,土壤全磷与土壤有机碳、土壤中0.05mm粘粉粒含量及植被盖度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤全磷沿土壤剖面的垂直分布没有一致规律性;土壤速效磷含量随着海拔高度和草地类型的变化没有呈现出一定的变化规律,两土层中土壤速效磷/全磷比值(AP/TP)与土壤pH值以及年平均气温呈显著正相关(P0.05),说明该区土壤pH值和温度的变化能显著影响土壤磷的活化;多数样地0-10cm土层速效磷显著高于10-20cm土层,可能归因于植物对磷素的表聚作用。     

基于 DEA 和 Malmquist 指数的广东省渔业效率研究

【目的】分析掌握广东渔业的产出效率,为发展可持续的低耗高产渔业提供数据参考。【方法】基于数据包络分析（DEA）及 Malmquist 指数,对 2011—2022 年期间广东渔业综合技术效率和全要素生产率指数及其分解进行测算和分析,并与全国平均值进行对比。【结果】广东渔业综合技术效率每年均高于全国平均水平,但2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021 年广东渔业规模报酬呈现递减。通过对广东水产养殖和水产品捕捞的综合技术效率分别进行测算,发现 2011—2022 年期间广东水产养殖的综合技术效率较高,除 2013 年和 2014 年外,均为DEA 有效。将 DEA 无效年份的广东水产养殖和水产品捕捞在生产前沿面上的投影调整为 DEA 有效,结果显示,2013 年和 2014 年广东水产养殖投入的冗余率分别为 5.98% 和 10.46%,而 2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021年广东水产品捕捞投入的冗余率在 39.73%~74.27% 之间,说明水产品捕捞的过度投入以及由此引发的捕捞综合技术效率低下是造成 2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021 年广东渔业规模报酬递减的主要原因。广东渔业的技术进步和全要素生产率上升幅度与全国平均水平相差较远,全要素生产率和技术进步指数均比全国平均增幅低 4.7%,说明广东省在渔业技术进步方面有较大提升空间。【结论】建议广东加大渔业科技的投入力度,加强渔业技术创新,以促进渔业技术进步和提高全要素生产率;加快渔业产业结构调整,合理布局养殖和捕捞规模,以解决广东渔业规模报酬递减的问题;加强渔业资源保护和增殖放流,利用自然生产力增加可捕捞渔业资源;加强水产良种创制及养殖新模式和新技术的开发,进一步拓展水产养殖空间和提高水产养殖的产出效率。